Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Animation shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Animation offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Animation at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Animation? Wrong! If the Animation is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Animation then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Animation? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Animation and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Animation wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Animation then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Animation site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Animation, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Animation, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames.
This animation moves at 10 frames per second.
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusion of
Motion (physics) due to the phenomenon of
persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a
motion picture or
video program, although several other forms of presenting animation also exist.
Early animation
The phenakistoscope, zoetrope and
praxinoscope, as well as the common flip book, were early popular animation devices invented during the
1800s. These devices produced movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of film.
There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of the art of film animation, as there were several people doing several projects which could be considered various types of animation all around the same time.
French filmmaker Georges Méliès was a creator of special effect films, such as
A Trip to the Moon (film). He used many techniques – one of which was to stop the camera rolling, change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This is a very similar idea to that of what later became
stop motion animation. Méliès accidentally happened upon the technique when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When the camera was fixed, a horse happened to be passing by just as Méliès continued to film. The result was that the bus appeared to change into a horse.
J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American filmmaker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to filmmaking by
Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them
The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blackton's "lightning artist" routine, and utilized modified versions of Méliès' early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves.
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator.Another French artist,
Émile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called
Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a
stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action where the animator’s hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. This makes
Fantasmagorie the first animated film created using what came to be known as
traditional animation.
Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was
Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are
Little Nemo (1911),
Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and
The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).
The production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in
movie theaters. The most successful early animation producer was
John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator
Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.
Animation techniques
Animated works are usually created using one or more of a number of various techniques.
Traditional animation
from
Edweard Muybridge 19th century photos.
(Also called
cel animation) Traditional animation was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a
rostrum camera.
The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the
21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery mediums, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media such as digital video. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology. Many early disney films used cel frame animation.
Examples of traditionally animated feature films include
Pinocchio (1940 film) (United States, 1940),
Animal Farm (1954 film) (United Kingdom, 1954), and
Akira (film) (
Japan, 1988). Traditional animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include
The Lion King (US, 1994)
Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), and
Les Triplettes de Belleville (2003).
- Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films, which regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement. Fully animated films can be done in a variety of styles, from realistically designed works such as those produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios, to the more "cartoony" styles of those produced by the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works such as An American Tail (US, 1986) and The Iron Giant (US, 1999)
- Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings and methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (film) (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).
- Rotoscope is a technique, patented by Max Fleischer in 1917, where animators trace live-action movement, frame (film) by frame. The source film can be directly copyed from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), used as a basis and inspiration for character animation, as in most Disney films, or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001).
Stop motion
Stop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the type of media used to create the animation.
- Clay animation, often abbreviated as claymation, uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside of them, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated in order to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, such as in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957-1967) Morph (character) shorts (UK, 1977-2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, 1989-1995), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Amazing Mr. Bickford (US, 1987), and The Trap Door (UK, 1984).
- Cutout animation is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving 2-dimensional pieces of material such as paper or cloth. Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969-1974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973) ; Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), and the pilot episode of the TV series South Park (US, 1997).
- Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.
- Model animation refers to stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Intercutting, matte effects, and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films such Jason and the Argonauts (film) (1961), and the work of Willis O'Brien on films such as King Kong (1933 film) (1933 film).
- Go motion is a variant of model animation which uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light and Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effects scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980).
- Object animation refers to the use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items. One example of object animation is the Brickfilming, which incorporates the use of plastic toy construction blocks such as LEGOs.
- Pixilation involves the use of live humans as stop motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other such effects. Examples of pixilation include Norman McLaren's Neighbours (film) (Canada, 1952).
- Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting with each other in a constructed environment, in contrast to the real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady as well as constraining them to move at particular joints. Examples include The Tale of the Fox (France, 1937), the films of Jiří Trnka, The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), and the TV series Robot Chicken (US, 2005-present).
- Puppetoon, created using techniques developed by George Pál, are puppet-animated films which typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one existing puppet.
Computer animation
animationLike stop motion, computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying idea being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.
2D animation
Figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D
bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D
vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of
tweening, morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.
Examples:
Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends,
Jib Jab
*Analog computer animation
*
Flash animation
*
PowerPoint animation
scene.
3D animation
Digital models manipulated by an animator. In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital armature (sculpture). This process is called rigging. Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of Motion capture to name but a few. Many 3D animations are very believable and are commonly use as special effects for recent movies.
Examples:
The Incredibles,
Shrek,
Finding Nemo
3D animation Terms
*
Cel-shaded animation
*Morph target animation
*
Skeletal animation
*Motion capture
*Crowd simulation
Experimental Animation Techniques
Drawn on film animationA technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren and Len Lye.
Paint-on-glass animationA technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of
glass.
Pinscreen animation Makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.
Sand animationSand is moved around on a backlighted or frontlighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film.This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast
Other techniques and approaches
See also
References
- Ball, R., Beck, J., DeMott R., Deneroff, H., Gerstein, D., Gladstone, F., Knott, T., Leal, A., Maestri, G., Mallory, M., Mayerson, M., McCracken, H., McGuire, D., Nagel, J., Pattern, F., Pointer, R., Webb, P., Robinson, C., Ryan, W., Scott, K., Snyder, A. & Webb, G. (2004) Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI. Fulhamm London.: Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 1-84451-140-5
- Crafton, Donald (1982). Before Mickey. Cambridge, Massachusetts.: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03083-7
- Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York.: Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-394-54684-9
Further reading
- Anderson, Joseph and Barbara, "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited", Journal of Film and Video, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring 1993): 3-12
- Culhane, Shamus, Animation Script to Screen
- Laybourne, Kit, The Animation Book
- Ledoux, Trish, Ranney, Doug, & Patten, Fred (Ed.), Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide, Tiger Mountain Press 1997
- Masson, Terrence, CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. ISBN 0-9778710-0-2
- Frank Thomas (animator) and Ollie Johnston, The Illusion Of Life, Abbeville 1981
- Walters, Faber and Helen (Ed.), Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940, HarperCollins Publishers, 2004
- Richard Williams, The Animator's Survival Kit ISBN 0-5712-0228-4
- Bob Godfrey and Anna Jackson, 'The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book' BBC Publications 1974 ISBN 0-563-10829-0 Now out of print but available s/hand through a range of sources such as Amazon Uk.
External links
-
- Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal
- Experimental Animation Techniques
- Chronology of Animation
- How An Animated Cartoon is Made
- Zagreb Film
- Pannonia Film
- 28 Principles of Animation
- History of Animation: Before Disney
- Focus on Animation - A National Film Board of Canada Web site that explains animation techniques discussed in this article and presents viewable animation classics as examples.
- "Animando", a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them).
- Aniboom animation online animation festival.
- Animation Research Centre
- Acting and Animation Article
The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames.
This animation moves at 10 frames per second.
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an
optical illusion of Motion (physics) due to the phenomenon of
persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a
motion picture or
video program, although several other forms of presenting animation also exist.
Early animation
The phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope, as well as the common
flip book, were early popular animation devices invented during the
1800s. These devices produced movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of film.
There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of the art of film animation, as there were several people doing several projects which could be considered various types of animation all around the same time.
French filmmaker Georges Méliès was a creator of special effect films, such as
A Trip to the Moon (film). He used many techniques – one of which was to stop the camera rolling, change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This is a very similar idea to that of what later became
stop motion animation. Méliès accidentally happened upon the technique when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When the camera was fixed, a horse happened to be passing by just as Méliès continued to film. The result was that the bus appeared to change into a horse.
J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American filmmaker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to filmmaking by
Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them
The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blackton's "lightning artist" routine, and utilized modified versions of Méliès' early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves.
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator.Another French artist, Émile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called
Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a
stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action where the animator’s hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto
negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. This makes
Fantasmagorie the first animated film created using what came to be known as
traditional animation.
Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are
Little Nemo (1911),
Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and
The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).
The production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in
movie theaters. The most successful early animation producer was
John Randolph Bray, who, along with
animator Earl Hurd, patented the
cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.
Animation techniques
Animated works are usually created using one or more of a number of various techniques.
Traditional animation
from
Edweard Muybridge 19th century photos.
(Also called cel animation) Traditional animation was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called
cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a
rostrum camera.
The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery mediums, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media such as digital video. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology. Many early
disney films used cel frame animation.
Examples of traditionally animated feature films include
Pinocchio (1940 film) (United States, 1940),
Animal Farm (1954 film) (
United Kingdom, 1954), and
Akira (film) (Japan, 1988). Traditional animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include
The Lion King (US, 1994)
Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), and
Les Triplettes de Belleville (2003).
- Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films, which regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement. Fully animated films can be done in a variety of styles, from realistically designed works such as those produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios, to the more "cartoony" styles of those produced by the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works such as An American Tail (US, 1986) and The Iron Giant (US, 1999)
- Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings and methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (film) (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).
- Rotoscope is a technique, patented by Max Fleischer in 1917, where animators trace live-action movement, frame (film) by frame. The source film can be directly copyed from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), used as a basis and inspiration for character animation, as in most Disney films, or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001).
Stop motion
Stop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the type of media used to create the animation.
- Clay animation, often abbreviated as claymation, uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside of them, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated in order to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, such as in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957-1967) Morph (character) shorts (UK, 1977-2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, 1989-1995), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Amazing Mr. Bickford (US, 1987), and The Trap Door (UK, 1984).
- Cutout animation is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving 2-dimensional pieces of material such as paper or cloth. Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969-1974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973) ; Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), and the pilot episode of the TV series South Park (US, 1997).
- Silhouette animation is a monochrome variant of cutout animation in which the characters are only visible as black silhouettes. Examples include The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princes et princesses (France, 2000).
- Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.
- Model animation refers to stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Intercutting, matte effects, and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films such Jason and the Argonauts (film) (1961), and the work of Willis O'Brien on films such as King Kong (1933 film) (1933 film).
- Go motion is a variant of model animation which uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light and Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effects scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980).
- Object animation refers to the use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items. One example of object animation is the Brickfilming, which incorporates the use of plastic toy construction blocks such as LEGOs.
- Pixilation involves the use of live humans as stop motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other such effects. Examples of pixilation include Norman McLaren's Neighbours (film) (Canada, 1952).
- Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting with each other in a constructed environment, in contrast to the real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady as well as constraining them to move at particular joints. Examples include The Tale of the Fox (France, 1937), the films of Jiří Trnka, The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), and the TV series Robot Chicken (US, 2005-present).
- Puppetoon, created using techniques developed by George Pál, are puppet-animated films which typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one existing puppet.
Computer animation
animationLike stop motion, computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying idea being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.
2D animation
Figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D
bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of tweening,
morphing,
onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.
Examples:
Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends,
Jib Jab
*Analog computer animation
*
Flash animation
*PowerPoint animation
scene.
3D animation
Digital models manipulated by an animator. In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital armature (sculpture). This process is called rigging. Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of
Motion capture to name but a few. Many 3D
animations are very believable and are commonly use as special effects for recent movies.
Examples:
The Incredibles,
Shrek,
Finding Nemo
3D animation Terms
*
Cel-shaded animation
*Morph target animation
*
Skeletal animation
*Motion capture
*
Crowd simulation
Experimental Animation Techniques
Drawn on film animationA technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by
Norman McLaren and Len Lye.
Paint-on-glass animationA technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of
glass.
Pinscreen animation Makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.
Sand animationSand is moved around on a backlighted or frontlighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film.This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the
light contrast
Other techniques and approaches
See also
References
- Ball, R., Beck, J., DeMott R., Deneroff, H., Gerstein, D., Gladstone, F., Knott, T., Leal, A., Maestri, G., Mallory, M., Mayerson, M., McCracken, H., McGuire, D., Nagel, J., Pattern, F., Pointer, R., Webb, P., Robinson, C., Ryan, W., Scott, K., Snyder, A. & Webb, G. (2004) Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI. Fulhamm London.: Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 1-84451-140-5
- Crafton, Donald (1982). Before Mickey. Cambridge, Massachusetts.: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03083-7
- Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York.: Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-394-54684-9
Further reading
- Anderson, Joseph and Barbara, "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited", Journal of Film and Video, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring 1993): 3-12
- Culhane, Shamus, Animation Script to Screen
- Laybourne, Kit, The Animation Book
- Ledoux, Trish, Ranney, Doug, & Patten, Fred (Ed.), Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide, Tiger Mountain Press 1997
- Masson, Terrence, CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. ISBN 0-9778710-0-2
- Frank Thomas (animator) and Ollie Johnston, The Illusion Of Life, Abbeville 1981
- Walters, Faber and Helen (Ed.), Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940, HarperCollins Publishers, 2004
- Richard Williams, The Animator's Survival Kit ISBN 0-5712-0228-4
- Bob Godfrey and Anna Jackson, 'The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book' BBC Publications 1974 ISBN 0-563-10829-0 Now out of print but available s/hand through a range of sources such as Amazon Uk.
External links
-
- Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal
- Experimental Animation Techniques
- Chronology of Animation
- How An Animated Cartoon is Made
- Zagreb Film
- Pannonia Film
- 28 Principles of Animation
- History of Animation: Before Disney
- Focus on Animation - A National Film Board of Canada Web site that explains animation techniques discussed in this article and presents viewable animation classics as examples.
- "Animando", a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them).
- Aniboom animation online animation festival.
- Animation Research Centre
- Acting and Animation Article